ORIGINS OF THE SURNAME CRANDALL
HERBERT C. CRANDELL, CFA #197
Grand Blanc, MI
hccjr@flint.umich.edu
INTRODUCTION
In his impressive effort to set forth a listing of the descendants of Elder John Crandall of Rhode Island, John Cortland Crandall (1991, xvii) addresses the origin of the surname Crandall*. He states that the surname most likely is derived from "...Crane Dale, meaning a lake or swampy section where cranes congregate...", or perhaps "...Crann Dell, which meant Iron Dell", or "...Crans...woods, Dal...vale or dale." Mention is made of the root Cran appearing in "...Burke's General Armory and Encylopaedia of Heraldry..." where it is identified as "...distinctly a Welsh name..." forming the root of Crandall. Finally, the family origins are believed to have centered in Monmouthshire, now Gwent, in Wales.
It has not been possible to identify any area or location either in England or in Wales that is or has been referred to as Crane Dale or a crane dale, nor is there any evidence of crann meaning iron or crans meaning woods. While cran is listed in English Place-Name Elements (Smith 1956, 111) and defined, together with cron, as Old English for a crane, it is "...usually combined with words for stream, marsh, pool and the like..."; however none of the combining forms shown utilizes the element "dell...a pit, a dell, a valley..." Dael and dal are listed as elements, but are defined as shares or portions of land rather than any sort of habitat for cranes. There is a Cranbo(u)rne in both Dorset and Hampshire, a Craneswater in Hampshire, a Cranmore in Somerset and on the Isle of Wight, and a Cranwell in Lincolnshire. Collinson (1791, 2:207), in particular, says that the name Cranmore "...signifies marshy ground infested by cranes..." All of which relate cranes to water, but not in combinations likely to lead to Crandall.
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* Unless spelled otherwise, the use of the surname Crandall in this paper may be understood to stand for all the variant spellings, of which there are over forty. (A list of the variant spellings appears at the very bottom of this page.)
With regard to Monmouthshire, only one mention relating to a bequest might be evidence of Crandall occupation of that Welsh county, and an examination of the Encylopaedia of Heraldry, or General Armory... (Burke and Burke 1847?) shows no listing for Cran. The correspondence referred to by John Cortland Crandall between Thomas Eugene Crandall and Ernest Weekley which suggests Crandalls having lived in the vicinity of Chepstow is not supported in any of the available literature (Baker 1959; Bradney 1991; Kissack 1975; Phillips 1975; Waters 1955, 1958). In fact, it has not been possible to find evidence of either Crans or Crandalls existing anywhere in Wales (Bardsley 1901, Morgan and Morgan 1985, Rowlands and Rowlands 1996). Cran does seem to have been a common surname in Scotland in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 1993), and one Hugh Cran is mentioned in Wykeham's Register (Kirby 1896, 2:422) as owning property at Winchester in 1389.
ALTERNATIVE ORIGINS
In considering the origins of English surnames, Matthews (1967) sets forth four primary categories. They are surnames having their source in occupations (Smith, Taylor, Miller), nicknames (Gray, Small, Long), relationships (Wilson, Aitkin, Patrick), and geographic locations
(Lane, Hill, Brook). Finding nothing to encourage the utilization of the first three categories in the case of Crandall we are left with geographic locations, which McKinley (1977) divides further into "locative" and "topographic" surnames. Locative surnames are those derived from place-names (Birmingham, Windsor, Carlisle), and topographic surnames are derived from a feature of the landscape including artifacts such as gates, stiles, et cetera. It is this last category that appears generally to provide the foundation for the development of the surname Crandall.
Examination of a detailed atlas of Great Britain (United Kingdom. Ordnance Survey. 1993) leads to Crondall in Hampshire and two Crundales, one in Kent and the other in Pembrokeshire, now Dyfed, in Wales. (There also is a Crondall Street and a Crundale Avenue in greater London.)
In addition, there is a Crendell and a Crendle in Dorset, both described as "localities" in the 1961 census (United Kingdom. General Register Office. 1965). Closer examination reveals four farms in Worcestershire -- Crundalls (Crundels) Farm, Upper Crundle (Crundel) Farm, and Upper and Lower Crundelend Farms (United Kingdom. Ordnance Survey. 1981, 1991; Duigan 1905; Mawer and Stenton 1927). Finally, early documents identify a number of locations known as crundels. They appear primarily as boundary points in Anglo-Saxon manorial charters, and often the term is combined with other elements to form descriptive compounds, e.g. crawan crundel (crow's crundel), stan crundel (stone crundel), ruwan crundel (rough crundel), and others (Earle 1888, 471-3). A few have been located (Baring 1909), but most do not appear on any maps.
INTERPRETATION OF CRUNDEL
If some crane dale or similar location does not provide the center for the development of the surname Crandall, it would appear that one or more crundels might be a reasonable starting place.
The earliest of many attempts to set forth a definition of crundel appears to be that of Kemble (1839-1848) who noted that "...it seems to denote a sort of watercourse, a meadow through which a stream flows." In his examination of the Codex diplomaticus aevi Saxonici he finds the term used over sixty times separately and in combination with various modifying terms, all referring to topographic markers along land-grant boundaries. Wright (1898, 826) varies this definition somewhat and says that it is "A ravine; a strip of covert (thick underbrush) dividing open country, always in a dip, usually with running water in the middle." Additionally, Wright's work purports to identify terms still in use within the two hundred years prior to publication of his English Dialect Dictionary. His mention of Hampshire and Sussex would indicate its use there as late as the eighteenth and possibly nineteenth centuries. (Indeed, a twentieth century cookbook, Favourite Cotswold Recipes [Baldock n.d., 5], includes a recipe for Crundle Pudding from that Gloucestershire area.) Middendorf (1902, 32) supports Wright's definition, and Weekley (1916, 57) adds that the ravine might be thought of as a crooked dell, from the root term crumb (or crump) meaning crooked. The Middle English Dictionary (Kurath 1952, 778) points to the use of the term in Old English Homilies of the Twelfth Century (Morris 1873, 139) and simply refers to it as a gully or ravine.
Early forms of crundel occasionally are found to use "m" instead of "n". Grundy (1922, 50) states that "...the 'm' sound changed to an 'n'..." and A. H. Smith (1956, 117) notes that, "Phonetically, crumdel is more likely to have been assimilated to crundel than the reverse." Ekwall (1960, 131) shows Crundale in Kent to have been spelled Crumdal in a 1242 document, and Crondall in Hampshire spelled Crumdela in the Pipe Rolls of 1179.
Earle (1888, 471-3) begins to focus on the dell element in the term and moves the definition from a longitudinal topographic feature (ravine, stream valley) to a much more localized one by suggesting that a crundel is a hollow, a hole, "...like one of those puddled reservoirs of water for the sheep..." Fuller (1890, 103-19), writing about features proximate to Cirencester Castle, believes crundels to be the "...remains of extensive quarries...probably Roman." ( A document [United Kingdom. Public Record Office. 1898, 362] dated October 24, 1315, reads, "Pardon to the abbot and convent of Cyrencestre, for enclosing and making a park of their wood of Crundeles without licence of the late king; with restitution of the same. By fine of 40s.") Sweet (1897, 37) views the term as describing a "...cavity, chalk-pit(?)" as does Hall (1960, 75) and Mills (1991, 97). Grundy (1922, 47-50) goes somewhat further and makes a distinction between del used alone, and del combined in crundel. While del appears to be used generally in Hampshire for a quarry of any kind, he points out that at Upton Grey (several miles due west of the village of Crondall) its use is confined to quarries that are circular or square in outline, while crundels are "...elongated or irregular diggings which have followed some boundary." The crooked aspect once again is suggested, but it is now applied to human excavations as opposed to natural landscape features. A. H. Smith (1956, 116-7) reviews and critiques most earlier definitions of crundel and supports Grundy generally. He concludes that crundel is an Old English (Anglo-Saxon) term that, when viewed in the contexts of its usage "...together with the localization of later names in chalk country or in the neighborhood of old quarries, points to the meaning 'quarry', with particular reference to 'chalk-pits' or 'stone-workings'".
Three additional interpretations of crundel should be mentioned, although each has been rejected or at least modified by later investigators. Leo (1852, 94-6) and Lower (1860, 77) believed that the term was Old High German in origin and meant a spring or well. Thorpe (1865, 654-5) and Bosworth (1898?, 172) preferred a tumulus, barrow, or mound raised over graves to protect them, perhaps "...akin to the Welsh 'carneddaw', a cairn or heap of stones". Finally, Baring (1909, 300-303) in an article devoted specifically to crundels confines his definition to banks covered with brushwood mixed with trees -- no streams, just woods. He admits to some stony spots and diggings, but states that "...there is no need to...think that 'crundel' meant a quarry".
GEOGRAPHIC CONSIDERATIONS
Geographically, crundels have been identified from various sources as existing in fourteen pre-1974 English counties: Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Devonshire, Dorset, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Kent, Northamptonshire, Oxfordshire, Somerset, Sussex, Wiltshire, and Worcestershire (see map). All but Cambridgeshire were contiguous. Most crundels appear to have been located in the counties of Berkshire, Dorset, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Wiltshire, and Worcestershire.
Nearly 140 uses of the term "crundel" (or a variant) have been found in Old English documents (Healey and Venezky 1980, 46-55).
GEOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS
Geologically, led by the chalk-pit definition, an attempt has been made to correlate the location of crundels to the surface or near-surface exposures of the prominent chalk (a variety of limestone) of Cretaceous age. According to the Geological Map of England and Wales (United Kingdom. Ordnance Survey. 1948) Crundale in Kent appears to be located solidly on the chalk, and Crondall in Hampshire and Crendell in Dorset are at least at its margin. Smart, Bisson and Worssam (1966, 300) note that chalk is quarried for agricultural lime and whiting on a limited scale at Crundale. Crondall is situated on "...sand, gravel, and chalk" (Page 1911, 4:5), and Crendell was an important source of potter's clay (which is geologically related to the chalk) well into the nineteeth century (Hawkins 1983, 131). The Welsh Crundale in the post-1974 county of Dyfed and the Dorset Crendle, as reported in the 1961 census, do not appear on any available maps.
Beyond the first three localities mentioned above, it has not been possible to relate directly a locality's place-name to the presence of chalk deposits. The farms located in Worcestershire are beyond the area in which the Cretaceous chalk is found, although it possibly may have been deposited there and then removed by subsequent erosion. The geologic age of rocks in this region ranges from Precambrian to Jurassic. According to Mitchell, Pocock and Taylor (1961, 82, 88, 91) the geologic foundation of Crundalls Farm is Triassic in age consisting of sandstones and pebble beds of the Bunter group -- a possible location for quarrying, but certainly not producing chalk. The remaining three farms appear to be situated on rocks of Devonian or Carboniferous age (United Kingdom. Ordnance Survey. 1948).
The many crundels which are mentioned as Anglo-Saxon boundary markers are difficult to describe geologically due mainly to the difficulty in finding their map locations. Baring (1909, 300-303) has identified several from the Abingdon charters as being located on the chalk uplands northwest of Newbury in Berkshire. Other investigators (Earle 1888,471-3; Grundy 1922, 47-50, 1931; Hooke 1990, 429) acknowledge the use of the term, but do not specify locations.
As mentioned above, the Cretaceous chalk has been quarried for agricultural lime and whiting, but also for its use in the manufacture of cement (North 1930, 251) and occasionally for use as an interior building stone (Howe 1910, 259). Of particular interest is the fact that the chalk in some places contains rounded nodules of flint (a variety of the mineral quartz) which was mined for use as a building stone, perhaps as early as the Roman occupation. While available only in relatively small pieces (four to six inches in diameter), flint is highly resistant to weathering and often was used to veneer exterior walls built of softer material.
Crundale in Kent and Crendell in Dorset appear to have been named for crundels in their immediate vicinity where chalk and clay, respectively, were mined. The names of the farms in Worcestershire are likely to have been derived from the presence of another type of crundel, more of a natural ravine in accord with earlier definitions of the term (Wright 1898, 1:826; Middendorf 1902, 32; and Weekley 1916, 57) which may or may not have been altered by human activity. The village of Crondall in Hampshire was within a larger parish (and an even larger Hundred) of Crondall, however none of the literature examined (Baigent 1891; Butterfield 1948; Page 1911, vol. 4) identifies any specific crundels for which it might have been named. It does seem likely, though, that they did exist nearby. The term crundel must have come into use quite early as reference is made to Crondall in the will of King Alfred between 880 and 885 (Baigent 1891, 1).
BASIC PROPERTIES OF CRUNDELS
It would appear that there is no single definition possible for crundel that covers all the known possibilities. Indeed, Thorpe (1865, 654) notes that, "Of this word it is easier to say what it does not signify than what it does." That remains somewhat true as all the definitions cited above may be seen to fit, at least in part, one or more of the known examples. The authors cited have made cogent arguments in each case, even though some seem to require a stretch of the imagination.
In the end, a definition of a crundel might include some combination of a short, perhaps irregular, linear topographic depression at any elevation, which may confine running water; the presence of underbrush or trees; and some evidence of human activity in the extraction of a mineral product (e.g. chalk, stone, gravel). Clearly, the original use of the term must have applied to a variety of different conditions in highly localized settings; however, use of the term also appears to have been confined to areas in the south and west-central parts of England, on or surrounding the extensive chalk downlands.
CRUNDELS AND CRANDALLS
According to Matthews (1967, 41), by the early thirteenth century in England even the poorest people have surnames, "...or at least have them when they are needed for an important matter like a legal case"; and by the beginning of the reign of Edward I, the Lawgiver, in 1272 records of every kind became more plentiful, and this had a large if indirect influence on the establishment of surnames. The possibility of inheritance of land affected people of all classes and encouraged men to keep the same surname used by their father or grandfather in order to ease identification and the validity of their claim in the transfer of property. "Surnames, that had long been inclined to settle, became suddenly much more stable" (Matthews 1967, 44).
The earliest record of a Crandall is that of John Crundel de Rya (possibly Rye in Kent, south of Crundale) in March 1225 (United Kingdom. Public Record Office. 1901) who may have provided a boat in the service of Richard, the king's brother. Next, is the record of Thomas prepositum (overseer) de Crundel and Hugo de Crundel to serve on an assize in June 1230 (United Kingdom. Public Record Office. 1903). This document especially is significant in that the compiler relates directly the individuals to a place with the same name -- Crundelend in Worcestershire. On September 17, 1265, William de Crundall, among others, is granted "simple protection" of the king "until Whitsunday" (United Kingdom. Public Record Office. 1910). We do not know where William was from, but we might assume that it was near Winchester in Hampshire where the decree was signed.
Soon after Edward's accession to the throne the Rotuli Hundredorum, or Hundred Rolls, records that one Robert ate (at the) Crundle was involved in a legal matter in 1279 (United Kingdom. Record Commission.1812, 2:785). The issue was heard at Stokenecheriche (Stokenchurch) in the Leuekenor (Lewknor) Hundred of Oxfordshire. While no specific crundel can be singled out as providing the location for the origin of his name, the area is adjacent to the chalk scarp of the Chilterns (Emery 1974, 34). Then, in the Somerset Pleas of 1280 (Landon 1929, 246), we find mention of "... Thomas de la Crundle of Batwelle (Backwell)." At least four crundels are listed by Thorpe (1865, 655) as being in Somerset, but their locations are not known. On October 10, 1283, a case was heard at Acton Burnell in Shropshire (a short distance north of the Worcestershire crundels) in which seventeen people were charged with trespass against Ralph Crundel, who may be assumed to have been from that general area (United Kingdom. Public Record Office. 1893).
As people began to notice a correlation between record keeping and their increasing liability for taxes and various fees there was a tendency to avoid identifying family members or finding a means of exempting them from lists. Thus, fourteenth and early fifteenth century records show a narrower range of names than the earlier ones. With two exceptions, no Crandalls yet are found in records of this period, although surely they must have been there. The first of these two involves William and Robert Cromdale in regard to the estate of the late earl of Warwick and his manor at Albedeleye (Abberley) in Worcestershire, a few miles east of Crundelend on September 15, 1316 (Bund 1909). The other is mention of Thomas Crowndale (Emden 1957, 521) whose surname was spelled variously Corndale, Crondale, Crondalle, Croundale, Crundale, Crundall and Crundell. He was a graduate of , and later fellow and subwarden of Merton College, Oxford, between 1364 and 1388. While he later (in 1397) became Vicar of Duddington, Huntingdonshire (now Lincolnshire), he originally came from the diocese of Winchester in Hampshire where many crundels were located.
No records of Crandalls are known between the time of the above Thomas at the end of the fourteenth century and the introduction of parish registers in 1538. According to the International Genealogical Index for the British Isles (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, 1993) Jane Cromedall was baptized in Holy Cross Church, Pershore, Worcestershire, on January 11, 1542. Of the remaining sixty-three records from various sources (which are included with the References which follow) prior to 1600, fifty are from localities within a radius of twenty miles of Kidderminster, Worcestershire. A review of the records presently available of Crandalls between 1225 and 1700 (a total of 294, see map) show 60% clustered near the borders of Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire and especially in the northwest corner of Worcestershire. The remainder were found in greater London (17%), Gloucestershire (8%), Kent (5%), and the balance (10%) scattered in seven other counties, mostly in the south- and west-central part of England. Among the latter is Hampshire where Crondall is located and which, it was assumed, might have had a number of Crandalls in its vicinity. Records have been found for only seven in all of Hampshire, and a personal visit to that lovely village in 1996 and interviews with several long-time residents found the name to be unknown.
People bearing the surname Crandall may well have originated in more than one location; however, considering their high concentration there it would appear that the primary locus of origin would be the borderlands of Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire and especially Worcestershire.
Of the various spellings of Crandall (over forty) the same records mentioned above show Crundall is the most common (42%), followed by Crandall (12%) with all the others, in very low percentages, accounting for the balance. The 1990 census in the United States showed the surname Crandall ranking 1,865th in frequency out of a total of 88,799 names. In May 1997 a query was submitted to a genealogical newsgroup on the Internet seeking similar information about the frequency of Crandall in the United Kingdom. The response (by John E. Wynn from the 1996 Electoral Roll database representing an estimated 97% of the then present adult population) showed a total number of individuals with the surname Crandall (or some variant spelling) to be 170 in the whole of the United Kingdom. Crundall and Crundell (including Crundle) lead the list (58%), Crandle and Crandles are next (33%), and Crandall and Crandell finish at 9%. This clearly supports the contention that the surname Crandall nearly is extinct in the United Kingdom.
The great variety of spellings, especially in early years, may be explained to some extent by Fuller's statement (1890, 117) that "...15th and 16th century scribes wrote phonetically according to uneducated local pronunciation (thus) the spelling is naturally very varied..."
CONCLUSIONS
This review concludes that, contrary to popularly held beliefs, the origin of the surname Crandall is more closely related to an association of people with localities known as crundels. Rather than localities inhabited by cranes, for which there appears to be little factual support, it appears more likely that Crandall evolved from association with certain highly localized, depressed topographic features that may have been quarried, but at least were prominent enough to be used as Anglo-Saxon boundary points.
People bearing the surname Crandall may well have originated in more than one location (e.g. Kent, Somerset) where the landforms were first identified as crundels. However, considering their historic high concentration there, it would appear that the main center of origin would have been the borderlands of Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire and, especially, Worcestershire.
Further investigation of the origins of the surname Crandall is encouraged and welcomed.
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VARIANT SPELLINGS OF THE SURNAME
CRANDALL IN ENGLAND, 1210 TO 1700 A.D.
Number in parentheses indicates frequency in records examined.
No number indicates only one record found.
CARNDALL
CHRANDELL
CHRUNDALL
CRANDAL (3)
CRANDALE (9)
CRANDALL (42)
CRANDEL
CRANDELL (9)
CRANDLE (6)
CRANDOLE
CRANDOLL (19)
CRANESDEL
CRANSDALL
CRENDALE
CRENDALL (14)
CRENDELL
CRENDOLE (2)
CRENDOLL
CRINDALL
CROMDALE (2)
CROMEDALL
CRONDAL
CRONDALE
CRONDALL (17)
CRONDALLE
CRONDELL
CRONDWELL (3)
CRONSDELL
CROUNDALL (2)
CROUNDELL (2)
CROWDALE
CRUNDAL (7)
CRUNDALE (2)
CRUNDALL (129)
CRUNDALLE
CRUNDEL (8)
CRUNDELL (9)
CRUNDIEL
CRUNDLE
CRUNDOLL
CRUNDULL
CRUNDWELL
CRYNDELL
KRANDELL